Certificate of Need Project - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1183 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Medicine Essay Type Narrative essay Level High school Did you like this example? Certificate of Need Project The Certificate of Need (CON) program is a mechanism used by some states to restrain or control health care facility costs and to allow for the coordinated planning of new services and construction. The CON program was created by the National Health Planning and Resource Development Act (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“NHPRDAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) in 1974. After the passage of NHPRDA states not having a CON process begin establishing rules for the CON process at the state level. In 1986 the Federal CON mandate was repealed, allowing states to determine its own CON process, if any at all. This paper will discuss Floridaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s CON process to include facilities requiring CON, steps in the CON process, appeals process, and exempt geographic locations. The CON program began in Florida in the year of 1973 with a primary reason for establishment being the promotion of cost containment by controlling unnecessary duplication of health care services and facilities. Floridaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s CON regulatory process is governed by the Florida Statutes sections 408.031 through 408.045 and the Florida Administrative Code Chapter 59C-1. Since 1992 Floridaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s CON program has been administered by the Agency for Health Care Administration (AHCA). Floridaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s CON regulatory process requires certain health care providers to obtain state approval before offering new or modified services. Facilities that require a CON (FS 408.036) Currently Floridaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s CON program regulates acute care hospitals, long-term care facilities, nursing homes, hospices, intermediate care facilities; services include neo-natal intensive care services, organ transplant services, open heart surgery, substance/drug abuse services, and psychiatric servicesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ requiring these healthcare facilities and service areas to go through the CON process. Florida Statutes section 408.036 identifies the following heal thcare related projects subject to CON review by way of an application with AHCA: (1) addition of beds in community nursing homes or intermediate care facilities for the developmentally disabled by new construction or alteration; (2) new construction or establishment of additional health care facilities, including a replacement health care facility when the proposed project site is not located on the same site as or within 1 mile of the existing health care facility, if the number of beds in each licensed bed category will not increase; (3) conversion from one type of health care facility to another, including the conversion from a general hospital, a specialty hospital, or a long-term care hospital; (4) establishment of a hospice or hospice inpatient facility; (5) increase in the number of beds for comprehensive rehabilitation; and (6) establishment of tertiary health services, including inpatient comprehensive rehabilitation services. Steps in Floridaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s CON pro cess (FS 408.039) The CON application steps are inclusive of a letter of intent, application review, and staff recommendation and decision from AHCA. The CON review process is funded through the collection of fees assessed to the CON applicantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ minimum base fee of $10,000 and an additional 0.015 of each dollar of proposed expenditure with the total fee not exceed $50,000. A letter of intent is to be filed at least 30 days prior to the published application deadline due date for the particular batching cycle. The letter of intent must contain a description of the proposed project; specify the number of beds sought, if any; identify the services to be provided; the location; and identify the applicant. Within 21 days after the letter of intent is received, AHCA publishes notice of letters of intent filed in the Florida Administrative Register. Following the letter of intent, the applicant has to file an application to the agency along with the $10,000 fee. Wit hin 15 days after the application filing deadline, AHCA has to determine if the application is complete. If the application is incomplete, AHCA can provide a one-time written response to the applicant indicating the section(s) of the application that are incomplete and request specific information from the applicant that would be necessary to complete the application. AHCAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s requested information has to be filed within 21 days after the applicantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s receipt of the request. Requested information not timely received, the application will be deemed incomplete and deemed withdrawn from consideration. Fourteen days after the notice of application has been filed, the applicant or a substantially affected person can request a public hearing which may be held at the agencyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s discretion. Twenty one days after the application is deemed complete, a local-level public hearing has to be held. A public hearing allows all parties to present their p ositions and any rebuttal information. The public hearing has to have a verbatim record of the hearing. Within 60 days after all the applications in the batching cycle are deemed complete, AHCA will issue a State Agency Action Report and Notice of Intent to (1) grant a CON in its entirety, (2) grant a CON for identifiable portions of the project, or (3) deny the CON. AHCA shall publish its proposed decision within 14 days after the Notice of Intent is issued. If an administrative hearing is not requested, the State Agency Action Report and the Notice of Intent will become the agencyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s final order with a copy provided to the appropriate local health council. Appeal process once the CON is granted (FS 408.039) The administrative appeals process ensures that all applicants are entitled to challenge the initial decision of the Agency through the administrative hearing process. Any party requesting an administrative hearing must do so within 21 days after AHCAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Notice of Intent is published in the Florida Administrative Register. Hearings shall be held in Tallahassee unless the administrative law judge (ALJ) determines that changing the location will facilitate the proceedings. Unless an ALJ issues a continuance, hearings will be held within 60 days of the ALJ being assigned to the case. A recommended order will be issued by the judge. After the recommended order is issued, AHCA must issue its final order within 45 days. Any party to an administrative hearing has the right to seek a judicial review from the District Court of Appeals within 30 days of the date of the final order. AHCA is party to all such proceedings. During the review, the court will affirm the final order unless it is arbitrary, capricious or not in compliance with applicable Statutes. Geographic location exempt from CON (FS 408.036) With the exception of eligible rural geographic locations, the Florida Statues did not address locations exempt from CON process. When exemptions are allowed, AHCA has the authority to exempt eligible services from the CON project review process. Exemptions includes hospice services or swing beds in a rural hospital when one-half of its licensed beds is not exceeded and also conversion of licensed acute care hospital beds to Medicare and Medicaid certified skilled nursing beds in a rural hospital when construction of new facility is not involved and/or the total number of skilled nursing beds do not exceed one-half of the total number of licensed beds in the rural hospital. Other services exempt from CON process includes inmate health care facilities built by or for the exclusive use of the Department of Corrections and also state veteransà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ nursing homes operated by or on behalf of the Florida Department of Veteransà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Affairs. Resource: The 2014 Florida Statutes, sections 408.031 through 408.045. Retrieved October 22, 2014 from https://www.leg.state.fl.us /Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_StatuteURL=0400- 0499/0408/0408.html Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Certificate of Need Project" essay for you Create order

The Government And Government Of Public Finance - 1622 Words

Introduction The branch in which we read thoroughly the contribution of the government in money related matters is known as public finance. In this branch we analyze the government and government expenditure of public authorities with the help of these we tries to achieve useful effects discarding harmful effects. The initial point for accessing the public finance is the proper role of finance. Actually during special conditions private markets will distribute goods and services among people in a effective way. We want to achieve such conditions so that no waste occurs we get what suits with our economy productive abilities in a special condition when private markets were able to provide good results and the division of money was socially desirable, in such case there would be no scope for the government. In most of the cases the rules for private markets efficiency are discarded for e.g. In a special condition when many people want same good at the same time .in this special case the private m oney market supply become too less to handle. The example non-rival consumption is National defiance. When private market does not distribute goods services efficiently then there is market failure. The market failure gives collective or governmental provisions of goods and services, which is based on efficiency rational. The causes of market failures are public goods, informational advantages strong economies of scale and network effects. Government failure is term used forShow MoreRelatedFinancial Audit Report On The Decision Making Process855 Words   |  4 PagesAccountability on the other hand helps avoid the pointing of fingers. Accountability is beneficial as it relates to audits because it helps avoid playing the blame game and it gives individuals who had direct involvement with directing or analyzing government finance an opportunity to address the role that they might’ve played in the decision making process. According to the Annual Financial Audit report, a successful financial audit report should discuss all comments that were included in the audit reportRead MoreThe Role of Finance in Economics Essay1343 Words   |  6 PagesThe Role of Finance in Economics No Works Cited Finance is a branch of economics concerned with providing funds to individuals, businesses, and governments. Finance allows these entities to use credit instead of cash to purchase goods and invest in projects. For example, an individual can borrow money from a bank to buy a home or an industrial firm can raise money through investors to build a new factory. Governments can issue bonds to raise money for projects. Finance plays an important roleRead MoreThe Strong Performance Of Public Finances1198 Words   |  5 Pages The strong performance of public finances in Sweden is an interesting case.Previous studies have compared the current crisis with the banking crisis in Sweden in the early 1990s to study the reason behind Sweden’s strong public finances (Flodà ©n, 2013). When comparing the macroeconomic behavior during the current crisis and during the banking crisis in the early 1990s, it showed a larger drop in GDP and in exports while unemployment increased very less during the current crisis. The absence of largeRead MoreCareer Options For A Finance1206 Words   |  5 Pageswho has earned a degree in finance. The careers offered to students who graduate with a finance degree can be located in the corporate world or public sector. College graduates may seek careers in a corporate and public finance department, in portfolio management, or investment banking. Salary ranges for careers in finance range from under $35,000.00 annually to well over $100.000.00 annually. It is important for t he finance major to choose the correct area of finance because the demand in eachRead MoreQuestions On Public Financial Management System Essay1461 Words   |  6 PagesDEPARTMENT: Accounting MODULE: Public Sector Accounting MODE OF ENTRY: Visiting LEVEL: 4.1 LECTURER: Ms Nyamwanza ASSIGNMENT â€Å"The civil service and government subscribe to a different code of ethics than the rest of us† Critically discuss this statement with reference to the Zimbabwean public financial management system. [25] The civil service is those branches of public service concerned with all government administrations outside the armed services. Public financial management is definedRead MoreBuilding Finance And Operate For Procuring A Major Public Sector Project907 Words   |  4 PagesThe basis of Design Build Finance and Operate for procuring a major public sector project For the past twenty years, as stated by Gil (2013) , the new way by which the rapid demand of the public in terms of social vertical and horizontal infrastructures are manage is generally referred to as the Public Private Partnership (PPP). As also mentioned by HM Treasury (2008), all services under the public which are to be executed by means of the Public Private Partner system are of the guarantee to beRead MoreThe Principles Of Public Finance828 Words   |  4 Pagesimpact of this shift there are several principles of public finance that come into play. We will review three principles and discuss the impact this initiative has on all three. Principle of Public Finance 1 – Market Failure Market failure is defined as â€Å"when the market economy fails to fairly and efficiently allocate all resources, products, money income, and assets to their highest valued among alternative (social) uses† (Baker College, 2016, Public Sector Failure and Market Failure section, paraRead MoreIssues and Dilemmas of Contemporary Public Administration Essay761 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscuss the public interest and the administrative responsibility. Discuss some of the recent ethical obligations confronting public administrators in their day to day decision making. Also we will examine the recent trend in privatizing government functions. Finally, we will discuss if privatizing posses any type of dilemma’s for the attainment of public interest. Former Senator from Illinois, Paul Douglas said that† Instead, most men want a life of integrity and goodwill in which public officialsRead MorePublic Finance1372 Words   |  6 PagesCHAPTER 1: MEANING, NATURE AND SCOPE OF PUBLIC FINANCE Def: Public Finance is the field of economics that studies government activities and the alternative means of financing government expenditures. Our focus in this course is on the microeconomic functions of government, the way government affects the allocation of resources and the distribution of income. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK The Appropriation Act gives the Government of Belize the authority to collect revenue and incur expenditure withinRead MoreFinance Director Essay739 Words   |  3 PagesI am applying for the Finance Director position advertised on your website. With over seven years’ experience in finance and accounting along with a solid academic background in Finance and pursuing my CPA license, I am confident I possess the skills and qualifications you are seeking. Being a Controller I deal with a variety of financial budgeting, profit and loss, forecasting, cash flow analysis, cash management, sec reporting, valuation analysis and running a team of 7 accountants, while handling

Literature review of Leadership Practices at Successful Organizations

Question: Discuss about the Literature Review of Leadership Practices at Successful Organizations. Answer: Introduction Leadership literature disclose that the practices of leadership have been customized and advanced with the course of time and each and e very practice is relevant in its own way. The relevance of leadership practices relies upon the context or situation in which they have been applied. The kind of leadership practices implemented in areas where there presents a high degree of sensitivity, conflicts, confidence level and precision may be different than the practices incorporated at areas where there presents simple management case. There are number of things which impacts the type of leadership practices to be incorporated such as psycho-social developments, organizational complexities, information overload, regulations and laws, working environment, culture contexts and situations. For any organization to become successful there are various elements which support the growth. Out of all those, one major and significant part is the leadership practices applied in the organization (Nort hhouse, 2015). The literature will throw light on several leadership practices of some renowned and successful organization and will also discuss and analyze various other practices which the organization can adopt to have further development. Literature review For understanding what leadership practices are, there is a need to first comprehend what is leadership. There are number of definitions associated with leadership, but to conclude all we can say leadership starts with individuals in the positions of leadership but this is not its end. The competence of any organization to attain its objectives and goals not only relies completely on the power of will of a single leader or on the effectiveness of the chain of command of an organization. The practices are significant but then also few organizations fail and few succeed (Yukl, 2002). Its not merely the number of excellent leaders which an organization have on which the success depends but the actual practices which have been implement ted at the grass-root level of an organization and the ability of both the informal and formal leaders to integrate the needs of the employees with the goals of an organization. There presents leadership practices of various organizations and the reasons how these practices turned out to be beneficial for those organization to become successful (Ireland and Hitt, 1999). Leadership practices at successful organizations Leadership practices adopted at McDonalds includes building of outlets that are considered as amusing places to work at. The leaders there promote accountability and comprehend the culture of social responsibility as well as implement these practices in their businesses. The leaders at McDonalds possess articulating visions, role relationships, influential power to impact the behavior of subordinates and also the embodying values. These traits of leaders influence the employees to accomplish the organizational goals and work liberally. The model of leadership which enforced at McDonalds is Adair model and which is an action-centered leadership. As per this model, the higher authorities inspire and influence the employees through their self-commitment, enthusiasm and their skill to communicated passion to other individuals (Carter, Ulrich and Goldsmith, 2012). The tasks are accomplished by developing different teams and so the team work practice is generally adopted at the workplace. The leadership practices and the Adair model incorporated by McDonalds majorly focuses over three main things which comprises of firstly the accomplishment of the work assigned or the task, secondly, maintaining and continuing with the team and lastly meeting the personal and individual requirements of the members of the team. Other leadership practices adopted at McDonalds comprises of that they perform with the maximum level of integrity and authenticity through building an association of trust with the team members, leaders remain fully committed towards the development and growth of the individuals and the tem, they practice efficient skills of listening as feedbacks are taken from the employees regarding policies, work culture, environment etc., they share their view points, perceptions openly with employees and also give the opportunity to work in an independent and self-organized way (Weinstein, 2012). The span of control is squat at McDonalds and it offers several advantages such as effective control over the subordinates is maintained, evaluation process becomes effective, increased co-ordination as well as there are opportunities for the subordinates to learn more and develop. Another organization which possesses few best leadership practices is Google. There are various practices and lessons which can be learn through the leadership style of Google. The leaders communicate the vision and provide employees with the autonomy to incorporate it; this is one of the leadership practices of Google of its people management system. Another practice relates with offering the employees with an environment which is hassle-free so that the people can perform well and have complete concentration on their work (Henson, 2016). The objective or aim of the company is to strip away all the things which come in the way of their employees. Google offers a customary package of advantages and remunerations to its employees which it clips up with an apparently continuous and extremely desirable the array of perquisites which includes excellent facilities of dining and that too with unrestrained and free supply of nutritious food, services for dry cleaning, car washes, haircuttin g salons, massage rooms, laundry rooms, gyms, in various segments of workplace there are snack stations, commuting buses, access to internet, leather seats as well as the company provides facility for carrying the pets onboard and related to anything which a reliable and hardworking employee require to be concerned for at the time she or he is working (Leithwood, 2005). Even though the workforces are also not required to get worried about the dress code to follow as Google incorporate and implement axioms in its vision which means that a person can be serious for his work even if he or she is in informal and not wearing suit. The leadership practice of facilitating and empowering the work of the employees is one of the major reasons behind the innovations of Google and as a result the company experienced explosive growth (Yalimaki and Jacobson, 2013). The company focuses on various approaches and practices of leadership such as knowing the employees through conversing with them on a n individual basis, developing innovative ways through which the high-performing and hard-working employees can get promoted and rewarded, the company let the workforces own the issues which they want them to answer which means Google provides the autonomy to its employees to achieve the goal of the company according to them and in their own way. Another practice is that the company provides the facility to its employees to work outside the hierarchy of the organization which comprises of freedom to select their own teams and the projects as well as one of the most preferred leadership practice of Google was giving the liberty and choice to its employees to select their the reviewer among all the professionals and experts whom they consider as impartial and respects their judgment and objectivity (Manimala and Wasdani, 2013). Another organization which possesses finest leadership practices is AstraZeneca. The leadership abilities of AstraZeneca were identified in 1999 just after the merger (Hyde and Paterson, 2001). The capabilities of leadership of the company are used in the management planning, development planning and performance management across the worldwide company. It is the core and essential element of the programme of leadership development and also a tool which provides 360 degree feedback has also been industrialized for supporting their functions. The behavior of leadership offers an association among the priorities of business and the AZ values of high ethical standards, integrity, support and trust for others, openness, respect for diversity, respect for individual and leadership over all levels. There are few practices which have implemented at AstraZeneca and are linked with the leadership behaviors. It comprises of practices regarding building of self-awareness, express individual conv iction, development of people, building of associations, emphasis on delivery, and safeguard the commitment and practice regarding proving of clarity related to the strategic direction (Storey, 2004). General Electric Company is another successful organization which has strong and powerful pillars of leadership practices implementing at its workplace. There are number of approaches and practices which have been incorporated by GE which includes firstly the leader at every level inspire and encourage the individuals to show a concern and apprehension for the necessities and requirements of other people. Next the leaders emphasis on achieving cooperation among each other so that the work can be accomplished in teams, instead of individual concern or just as per the requirements of higher authorities, GE do not function, it takes along the shared benefits in which each and every individual remain cherished. GE allow employees to provide their innovative ideas so that the employees consider themselves as the part of the organization but simultaneously it necessitates that the employees are required to follow the orders even though if they have a better plan, the respect for the higher authorities need to be maintained (Henderson and Evans, 2000). Another leadership practice of GE focus on making the employees work in such a way that they consider their job as a contest so that they strive hard for it and achieve the desired goals with much effectiveness and zeal. Few more practices of GE are the improved connectivity among the employees, increased integrity which requires the employees to be committed, passionate, curios and energized for performing the work. The leaders at GE incorporated a change acceleration programme as its leadership practice and it was initialized with the top senior managers and later on continued by other managers, the agenda behind this programme was to accelerate change within the organization and that too at the uppermost level so that the employees also get inspired by the higher authorities and became ready to adjust with the change (Lakshman, 205). This practice e signifies that how the behavior and traits of the leaders impacts th e understanding and behavior of the subordinates. These practices make the organization successful and open the doors for future development. Starbucks is another successful organization which is highly recognized for its leadership practices. Starbucks is famous for practicing servant leadership. Servant leadership generally focused on providing increased services to the individuals. It is a holistic approach towards the job and empowers a feeling of community and in the process of decision making the powers is shared. Starbucks highly emphasize on practicing this kind of leadership in its business and at the workplace (Sipe and Frick, 2015). There are various characters or elements of servant leadership which are incorporated in the working culture of Starbuck by their leaders. Leaders at Starbucks adopt the practice of listening, as a servant leader the mangers at Starbucks listen intentionally with a deep commitment to others. The will of the employees are identified and they are worked as per their will (Hamilton, Spears and Lawrence 2005). Another element practiced by Starbucks is that the leaders of Starbucks try to empathies with others in which the employees are recognized and been accepted for their individual and special spirits they possess. Employees are not to force to change themselves; they have appointed those tasks which they can serve better (Autry, 2007). As practicing servant leadership, the employees always been provided a healing hand at the time of any non-happening event occurred with them whether formal or informal. Leaders listen to them and try to solve their issues and make them comfortable at their work. The employees are persuaded and convinced rather than pressurized to follow a change or decision. As per the practice of servant leadership, they decisions are not just imposed coercively on the employees but they are convinced by various means and make them persuade for that work so that there sustain a sense of willingness and liberty to work independently (Trompenaars and Voerman, 2009). The leaders at Starbucks are committed to the development and growth of the emplo yees as they believe there always remains some intrinsic value beyond the work performing as employees. So to fulfil and develop the spiritual, professional and personal growth of the employees the leaders perform actions which support this such as availability of funds, encouraging involvement of the employees, taking up suggestions from them etc. These leadership practices of Starbucks enhance the involvement of employees and also empower them to grow and as its outcome the organization achieve huge success (Jones, 2012). Conclusion Leadership practices are the shared, combined and observable deeds which outline as well as define the culture of leadership. A leadership practice supports the successful incorporation of the other leadership strategies of any business. Without the right leadership practice, the other organizational strategies will be just like ink on paper which has no meaning and involvement of it in achieving success by an organization. With the appropriate leadership practices in place, the correctly designed leadership process for development and the suitable strategies for talent sustainability and talent acquisition, there presents extreme chances that the organization will accomplish growth and success in implementing its leadership strategies. One major thing to be focused for is, there is need to understand that just by speeches or verbal communication the leaders cannot determine that in what way employees have taken it so there is a high requirement to implement the leadership practices at workplace for influencing the employees. The leadership policies and leadership practices implemented in an organization are the best way to understand the needs of the employees and to make them comprehend the culture of the organization (Chhokar, Brodbeck and House, 2013). Leadership practices have a direct association of cause and effect on the business organization and its success. Through leadership practices, the leaders recognize the employee motivation, tolerance towards change, culture and values. They help in outlining the strategies comprising their execution and efficacy. Leadership practices could implement at any level of an organization and are not only meant for the employees or the grass-root levels. From the literature review we can conclude one major thing that all the successful organizations have one thing in common, they implement leadership practices at their workplace to reap utmost benefit from its resources comprising the most valuable and expensive reso urce i.e. its people. Recommendations There are number of effective and successful leadership practices which can be adopted by the organization to achieve success. It includes practices like 360 degree feedback which focus on ratings to be given on various performances, through it there is development of behavioral change and self knowledge. Another practice could be coaching which is a practical form of practice that included one-to-one learning; it has benefits like career development, personalized viewpoint etc. Another strategy could be mentoring which includes learning and advising from much more senior managers, the employee and the mangers share a development relationship, it has various benefits associated with it such as broader sense of understanding, avoiding of mistakes, lessons are learned as well as building of a strong personal bond (Orazi, et al., 2014). There are other various practices which the leaders and the organizations of can implement to have successful future but there should always maintain a balance between the needs of the employees and the organizational goals. References Autry, J.A., 2007.The Servant Leader: How to Build a Creative Team, Develop Great Morale, and Improve Bottom-Line Perf ormance. Crown Business. Carter, L., Ulrich, D. and Goldsmith, M. eds., 2012.Best practices in leadership development and organization change: how the best companies ensure meaningful change and sustainable leadership(Vol. 18). John Wiley Sons. Chhokar, J.S., Brodbeck, F.C. and House, R.J. eds., 2013.Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Hamilton, F., Spears, L. and Lawrence, M., 2005. Practicing servant-leadership: Succeeding through trust, bravery, and forgiveness. Henderson, K.M. and Evans, J.R., 2000. Successful implementation of six sigma: benchmarking General Electric Company.Benchmarking: An International Journal,7(4), pp.260-282. Henson, R., 2016. The Road Ahead: The Future of Global Leadership and Implications for Research and Practice. InSuccessful Global Leadership(pp. 285-301). Palgrave Macmillan US. Hyde, A. and Paterson, J., 2001. Leadership development as a vehicle for change during merger.Journal of Change Management,2(3), pp.266-271. Ireland, R.D. and Hitt, M.A., 1999. Achieving and maintaining strategic competitiveness in the 21st century: The role of strategic leadership.The Academy of Management Executive,13(1), pp.43-57. Jones, D., 2012. Does servant leadership lead to greater customer focus and employee satisfaction.Business Studies Journal,4(2), pp.21-35. Lakshman, C., 2005. Top executive knowledge leadership: managing knowledge to lead change at General Electric.Journal of Change Management,5(4), pp.429-446. Leithwood, K., 2005. Understanding successful principal leadership: progress on a broken front.Journal of Educational Administration,43(6), pp.619-629. Manimala, M.J., Wasdani, K.P., 2013. Distributed leadership at Google: Lessons from the billion-dollar bran, Ivey Business Journal. Northouse, P.G., 2015.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Orazi, D., Good, L., Robin M., Wanrooy, B.V., Butar, I.B., Olsen, J. and Gahan, P., 2014. Workplace leadership: A Review of Prior Research. Australia. Sipe, J.W. and Frick, D.M., 2015.Seven pillars of servant leadership: Practicing the wisdom of leading by serving. Paulist Press. Storey, J., 2004.Leadership in organizations: Current issues and key trends. Psychology Press. Trompenaars, F. and Voerman, E., 2009.Servant Leadership Across Cultures: Harnessing the Strength of the World's Most Powerful Leadership Philosophy. Infinite Ideas. Weinstein, M., 2012. McDonald's Recipe for Success.Training,49(1), pp.60-63. Ylimaki, R. and Jacobson, S., 2013. School leadership practice and preparation: Comparative perspectives on organizational learning (OL), instructional leadership (IL) and culturally responsive practices (CRP).Journal of Educational Administration,51(1), pp.6-23. Yukl, G.A., 2002. Leadership in organizations

On Human Sexuality an Example by

On Human Sexuality By definition, what constitutes sexual deviance and what constitutes sexual perversion relate to larger categories of social practice than those that are specifically sexual. This leads us to a useful distinction between sexual deviance and sexual perversion. Sexual deviance might be defined as the inappropriate or flawed performance of conventionally understood sexual practices. Need essay sample on "On Human Sexuality" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Rape, for example, is an act of sexual deviance that is rarely defined as an act of perversion. Rape becomes perverse only when performed on an inpidual whose inclusion in a sexual act goes beyond the limits of generally conceivable sexual practice or is performed in ways that go beyond the limits of generally conceivable sexual practice. Though we may deplore the behavior, it is possible to comprehend, and even empathically reconstruct, the experience of the rapist or his victim. In the language of the pathologists, such behaviors can be termed a disease of control. As the character of sexual practice changes over time, so do the boundaries of the definitions of deviance. An excellent case in point is the increasing incorporation of oral sex in the scripting of conventional sexual scenarios. Although the behavior as a matter of organs and orifices remains unaltered, its collective meanings and uses for specific inpiduals demonstrably have been undergoing profound change (Irvine 1995, p. 314). Perversions, in contrast, tend to be forms of desire too mysterious and sometimes too threatening to the most elementary definitions of desire and satisfaction to be tolerated. Perversion can be thought of as a disease of desire, not only in the sense that it appears to violate the sexual practices of a time and place, but also because it constitutes a violation of common understandings that render current sexual practice plausible. The behavior of the pervert is disturbing because, at the level of folk psychology, we have difficulty understanding why someone might want to do something like that. Consistent with this approach was Krafft-Ebings use of the term perversion as cited by Davidson (1987). In Krafft-Ebings Psychopathia Sexualis (1876) there is a discussion of anomalies of appetite such as hyperorexia (increases), anorexia (lessening) and of perversions such as a true impulse to eat spiders, toads, worms, human blood, etc. Perversions of appetite thus involve not only the desire to eat the unthinkable, but also the desire to eat for unthinkable reasons. The same might be said of perversions of the sexual (Irvine, 2002, p. 430-31). As in the case of deviance, what is considered a perversion is also subject to revision as what constitutes the thinkable changes. Many forms of what for the contemporary world constitute acts of sexual deviance tend not to occur in other social settings not because they are repressed, but merely because they are literally unthinkable. Moreover, the processes through which behavior becomes thinkable for a collectivity are not identical to the processes through which behavior becomes thinkable to the inpidual. The logic at essay that links motive and behavior is the complex, almost magical logic of representation, a logic of metaphor and metonymy that meshes personal history with social history. Concerns for the role of the symbolic in the interaction of inpiduals often obscure the importance of the interaction between, and even within, symbols (Irvine 1995, p. 317). Homogeneity of sexual preferences inevitably masks heterogeneity of desired emotional productions, and this perhaps is the level at which, to some extent, we may all be perverts, as even the most conventional may find their sources of sexual excitement fueled by the slightest whiff of the unthinkable. Theories that describe the causes of behavior already presuppose the problematizing of that behavior. It is not theory that renders social practice problematic, but the emergence of the problematic in experience that gives rise to the requirement for theory, as well as the potential for its ability to find a responsive audience. In other words, theories of behavior are themselves behavior and, as such, have essentially the same basic requirements: first, they must be thinkable; second they must be plausible, that is, made either legitimate or explainable in terms of what is held to be legitimizing. In this sense I agree with Canguilhem (1989) when he notes: [I] t is not paradoxical to say that the abnormal, while logically second, is existentially first. One might argue (and many have) that nonprocreative sexincluding, but not limited to, masturbation, oral sex, and sex between persons of the same gender is evolutionary maladaptive because it does nothing to further the lineage of the inpiduals involved and, in many cases, wastes energy and precious resources such as sperm. Men, for example, have been admonished against spilling their seed by authorities ranging from the Christian Church to such vocal inpiduals as singer/ reactionary/ orange-juice-peddler Anita Bryant. Incidentally, the widely cited biblical reference to the spilling of seed (Genesis 38: 9) does not refer to masturbation, but instead to the practice of coitus interruptus. The verse in question reads: And Onan knew that the seed should not be his; and it came to pass, when he went unto his brother's wife, that he spilled it on the ground, lest that he should give seed to his brother. In this verse, Onan breaks the Hebrew law of the levirate by intentionally spilling his seed rather than impregnating the wife of his deceased brother. However, the fact that this is but an unfortunate misreading of Genesis has done nothing to stop the onslaught of admonitions against masturbation, or onanism as it is sometimes called. Nor has it prevented the introduction of singularly bizarre remedies for preventing autoerotic stimulation. In 1870, for example, the prestigious British medical journal The Lancet advised guarding the penis for a time against improper manipulation by keeping up slight soreness of the body of the organ . . . sufficient to render erection painful. Presumably, this was necessary to avoid the insanity inevitably produced by excessive manipulation of this popular body part. Masturbation was also believed to diminish the sexual incentive for men (and women) to marry; the desire for marital sex presumably being lost when by this means they appease their lustful appetites (Hunt 1998). Moreover, the pleasure that accompanies the ejection of semen was itself considered an abomination: The intrinsic malice of pollution [meaning self-induced orgasm of any kind] consists most probably in the intense sexual enjoyment and satiation of pleasure, occurring outside the legitimate bond of matrimony, which the effusion of seed produces and not only nor principally in the voluntary frustration of the seed itself. One of the most persistent rationales for the condemnation of masturbation is a misguided belief in the omnipotence of sperm, for sturdy manhood . . . loses its energy and bends under too frequent expenditure of this important secretion. An especially novel means of conserving this important secretion was practiced by male members of the become pregnant from playing basketball, attending the opera, or dancing, yet seldom are these activities proscribed for that reason alone, at least in modern times (Hunt 1998). (Throughout its history the Christian Church has periodically attempted to ban all pleasurable activities, including dancing and attending the theater. Perhaps in doing so the Church merely sought to err on the side of caution by eliminating all activities that could reasonably precede sex. Taken too literally, this often prompted some rather absurd prohibitionson baths, wine, and so forth.) Why, then, is nonprocreative sex held to a different standard than other reproductively safe activities, such as skiing, movie going, or swimming in public? We have already dismissed the argument that views nonreproductive sex as wasting a limited natural resource. Provided that pregnancy is a possible outcome of at least some sexual encounters (and even with modern contraceptive methods, many such opportunities continue to exist), procreation will occasionally occur. We have also argued, based on evidence garnered from observations of one of humankinds closest relatives on the evolutionary tree, that nonprocreative sex cannot properly be considered unnatural if natural is accorded its customary meaning (Hunt 1998). Of course, according to Church teachings, people should be able to rise above such bestial instincts in pursuit of loftier spiritual ideals. Perhaps nonprocreative sex is taboo because the behaviors themselves are perversions of the natural function of the sexual apparatus (which, of course, is implicitly construed as reproduction). This view was succinctly expressed by Dr. Lyttleton (a headmaster at Eton, a prestigious English boys school), who said: All exercise of a bodily faculty for the sake of pleasure and except for the purpose for which the faculty was given is wrong. Notice that the fault here lies not with the pleasure one feels, but with the reason one feels it. It is all right to enjoy coitus (sans contraceptives, of course), but only if ones purpose is to create another young lad to bolster Etons rolls, or a lass to rule the Commonwealth. Similar application of this principle to other bodily functions would condemn kissing (which is a perversion of the natural gustatory function of the oral cavity) and simple caressing (since this pleasure is certainly a violation of the proper function of the touch receptors of the skin, whatever that function might be). The absurdity of this position should be clear. Furthermore, if as claimed here, the elicitation of pleasure is a main function of human sexuality, then the preceding argument is effectively disarmed. That is, perhaps pleasure is itself [a] purpose for which the faculty was given. Reference: Hunt, A. "The Great Masturbation Panic and Discourses of Moral Regulation." The Journal of the History of Sexuality (1998). Irvine, J. "Regulated Passion." In Deviant Bodies: Critical Perspectives on Difference in Science and Popular, edited by Jennifer Terry and Jacqueline Urla: Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1995. "Reinventing Perversion: Sex Addiction and Cultural Anxieties " The Journal of the History of Sexuality (2002).

buy custom My Life Had Stood - a Loaded Gun by Emily Dickinson essay

buy custom My Life Had Stood - a Loaded Gun by Emily Dickinson essay The poem is about a human person who is actively and willingly used as a hunter. The person is like a loaded gun that is condemned to remain inactive until the owner takes possession of it. The gun has in it energy that is capable of stirring echoes in the mountains and energy capable of lighting up valleys. Despite all these, it is deadly and that is why the owner uses it against his foes. The hunter also uses the gun to speak for him. When reading the poem there is a sense of power based on rage. The speaker compares her life to that of unused loaded gun that fulfills its purpose to kill and finds joy in performing the purpose. The conventional understanding of the metaphor of the poem lies in the idea that the Master is God. The speaker is thus picked up by God and becomes his marksman. The speaker after being picked becomes a staunch defender and fulfils its role of being powerful. She acts only at the masters bidding, shares his voice and in someway becomes immortal (Emily and Vendler, 101). Serving God therefore makes the speaker further the power of her existence.Dickinson uses implicit criticism to portray God as a murderous hunter of man. He describes that he uses death to gleefully execute people. She portrays God as aloof, vindictive, insensitive and invasive to man. From the beginning, the poet stood at the corner without purpose. She was then found by a hunter who knew her purpose because he was her Master. The master therefore used her to express this purpose. Like a gun (used symbolically) she is used for shooting the. The female deer (doe) is presumably killed by the hunter during his hunting spree. Picking a feminist point of view, this represents how female writers are forced to suppress or kill part of themselves to write. Te speaker has power, control and a destructive purpose that creates joy and satisfaction in her personality. The speaker says that she (the gun) will live longer than the master i.e. Though I than He may longer live (Emily and Vendler, 101) but it may not be true living because it is stated that she has no power to die. This is so because in the context of life, death defines life. The poet writes, He longer must than I this means that the speaker will last longer than the master and the master in the true meaning o f the world will outlive the speaker. Hunting in the woods helps reestablish a close relationship with nature and establishes a sense of control. This is expressed by the words the woods are sovereign. The speaker prefers to stand guard over the master than share his soft downy pillow. We realize that she refuses the softer life and prefers the homelier alternative (Emily and Vendler, 102). The central dilemma of the poem becomes that of the fusion of force and the agent, violence and the perpetrator and the gun and the owner. This is clearly highlighted in the second stanza where the speaker uses the word we to fuse together their acting as one. The gun symbolizes power, rage and violence. Guns are always dangerous since they have the power to take away life by a single shot. Introducing the reader to the gun enables us to edge and be attentive when reading the rest of the poem. The gun therefore becomes an extended metaphor in the poem since it represents the speakers power to kill. When loaded, it can be used for hunt ing since it is deadly. The poet writes every time I speak for Him . -taking on his voice (Emily and Vendler, 101) to indicate that every time the gun goes off it communicates something for the master. In the fifth stanza, the two are indistinguishable. The usage of the statement Yellow Eye.. refers to the gun explosion picked from the sentence on whom I layan emphatic Thumb. The thumb clearly means that the owner cocking the gun making it ready for action. The last stanza also fuses the entities together by tying their lives and deaths together (Emily and Vendler, 105). The stanza makes this interdependence complicated making it impossible to distinguish one from the other. The speaker has deliberately shed the self protective layer of protective feminine personality as symbolized by the use of doe and deep pillow of masochistic eider duck to uncover the true self within. It depicts a kind of hardness, rage and the desire for revenge and aggression. Like Dickinsons other poems, the theme of death and supremacy is evident here. Death is not powerful in the poem but the ability to die is highlighted as the most powerful act. It clearly shows how intricate life and death are tied such that one cannot exist without death. Thus the explanation that the gun may longer live that the master, means that the gun does not really live at all since it has no power to die (Emily and Vendler, 105). Despite the dangers expressed by the personality and the recognition of the apparent dehumanization personality, the poet takes a great risk of being murderous. She portrays herself as a gun with rage becoming part of her being. Rage defines her inhuman and unwomanly thought making her a master of herself. Finally, the poems depth of thought, ambiguity, style, concise language and simultaneous definitions combine to make the poem a master piece. Buy custom My Life Had Stood - a Loaded Gun by Emily Dickinson essay

Pricing Kernels Defined in Relation to Asset Pricing

Pricing Kernels Defined in Relation to Asset Pricing The asset pricing kernel,  also known as the stochastic discount factor (SDF), is the random  variable that satisfies the function used in computing the price of an asset. Pricing Kernel and Asset Pricing   The pricing kernel, or stochastic discount factor, is an important concept in mathematical finance and financial economics. The term  kernel  is a common mathematical term used to represent an operator, whereas the term stochastic discount factor  has roots in financial economics and extends the concept of the kernel to include adjustments for risk. The fundamental theorem of asset pricing in finance suggests that the price of any asset is its discounted expected value of future payoff specifically under risk-neutral measure or valuation. Risk-neutral  valuation can only exist  if the market is free of arbitrage opportunities, or opportunities to exploit price differences between two markets and profit from the difference. This relationship between an assets price and its expected payoff is considered the underlying  concept behind all asset pricing. This expected payoff is discounted by a unique factor that depends upon the framework set forth by the market.  In theory, risk-neutral valuation (in which there is an absence of arbitrage opportunities in the market) implies the existence of some positive random variable or the stochastic discount factor. In risk-neutral  measure, this positive stochastic discount factor would theoretically be used to discount the payoff of any asset. Additionally, the existence of such a pricing kernel or stochastic discount factor is equivalent to the law of one price, which presumes that an asset must sell for the same price in all locales or, in other words, an asset will have the same price when exchange rates are taken into consideration. Real-Life Applications Pricing kernels have numerous uses in mathematical finance and economics. For instance, pricing kernels can be used to produce contingent claim prices. If we were to know the current prices of a set of securities in addition to the future payoffs of those securities, then a positive pricing kernel or stochastic discount factor would provide an efficient means of producing  contingent claim prices assuming an arbitrage-free market. This valuation technique is particularly helpful in an incomplete market, or a market in which total supply is not sufficient to meet the demand. Stochastic Discount Factors Apart from asset pricing, another use of the stochastic discount factor is in the evaluation of the performance of hedge funds managers. In this application, however, the stochastic discount factor would not strictly be considered the equivalent to a pricing kernel.

Human Nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Human Nature - Essay Example Primarily, I believe one of the biggest problems in the determination of any other part of human nature do lie in the fact that we are all born from the influences coming out from the outside. All humans are part of human nature and can be changed as they learn and grow with the world around them. Humans do have ethics of caring, and if human capacity to caring is not practiced an individual loses his or her ability to care. However, I see a similar situation since human ability to caring is not inherent, but rather humans learn how to care. I also find another issue with several past and historic ideas concerning human nature lying within the context of human nature and how philosophers have approached it. While my beliefs may be stuck in God, I cannot support the use of the supernatural being as the main reason behind a universal human nature. This is because there exist several inconsistencies in the beliefs of humans. In conclusion, human nature will continue being a topic of debate for many years as humans try to label and prove using science the existence of human

Toyota Case Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Toyota Case Study - Assignment Example This may be seen as one of the key models for Toyota to consider in recognising the need for change, here the case study points to an organisation which is relatively closed, the company losing touch with its customer base and management team focusing upon internal interactions and change initiatives. Adoption of the open systems model for viewing an organisation may allow the company to concentrate to a greater extent upon the needs of its customers, rather than focusing upon internally hard systems issues. 2.0 Recommendations for Change Having analysed the case study and conducted the relevant situational analysis, it would appear that Toyota suffers from a number of major issues. The single two biggest issues which the company may be seen as facing are poor internal communications and a disconnect between the company and its customers in the market. Such issues have lead to poor product quality in recent years and the failure to develop new products which have a clear demand in so me local markets. In considering how Toyota is to overcome these problems, the report recommends a program of radical hard systems restructuring. Here Toyota should consider adopting a regionally based business model and move away from the current centralised model operated from Japan. The benefits of implementing such a change initiative would be that Toyota would be closer to its customers both geographically and from a communications perspective (Griffin and Pustay 2009). This would allow the company to develop products which are suited to localised needs, rather than developing a set of international products which are designed to appeal to a global market. In addition, Toyota would also be able to detect any problems within a local market in a much shorter space of time, than where communications as at present have to filter back to the head office in Japan. As such, the recommendation of this report is that Toyota should set up one head office function in each key national mar ket, each to be run as a separate strategic business unit. In making the changes, the researcher recommends that Lewin’s (1957) three stage model of change should be used. Here the model advocates three stages, namely â€Å"unfreeze† â€Å"move† and â€Å"Freeze.† In short, the unfreeze stage represents a preparatory stage in which members of the organisation are encouraged to both see the need for change and then move towards the planning required at the implementation stage. The move stage represents the actual implementation stage of a change initiative, finally the freeze stage represents a consolidation stage in which managers ensure changes to processes and practises are embedded in the organisation and old ways of working are not slipped back into. While Lewin’s (1957) three stages of change is a widely accepted model, it is not the only model which Toyota may consider. Another similar model is that of Kotter’s (1996) eight stage mode l for creating change which includes: Establishing a sense of urgency Creating a guiding coalition Developing a vision and strategy Communicating the change vision Empowering employees for broad based action Generating short term wins Consolidating gains Anchoring new approaches

Agency Problem Essay Example for Free

Agency Problem Essay Financial Management (Agency problem) Prepared by: Sami Hassan Saeed Singabi August 2008 Introduction Economic science teaches us that due to their subjective needs, individuals have subjective preferences, and hence different interest. Occasionally different subjective interests give rise to conflicts of interest between contracting partners. These conflicts of interest may result in turn, in one or both parties undertaking actions that may be against the interest of the other contracting partner. The primary reason for the divergence of objectives between managers and shareholders has been attributed to separation of ownership (shareholders) and control (management) in corporations. As a consequence, agency problems or principal-agent conflicts exist in the firm. Agency theory deals with such problem. Agency theory is concerned with how these agency problems affect the form of the contract and how they can be minimized, in particular, when contracting parties are variously informed (or uncertain). Agency problem A problem arising from a conflict of interest between principals such as investors and agents acting for them, such as brokers or managers. Agency problem refers to a conflict of interest arising between creditors, shareholders and management because of differing goals. It exists due to problems in corporate governance. A typical problem is that of senior management of a company, who are charged with running the business in the interests of shareholders; choose instead to operate to maximize their own interests. A simple example is the hired anager who fills his pockets at shareholders expenses. For example, an agency problem exists when management and shareholders have conflicting ideas on how the company should be run. Agency problems that arise in a corporation have troubled economists for some time. There are a number of mechanisms that have been used to try and reduce these agency problems. Many of these mechanisms try to link the managers compensation to the performance of the firm. Typical examples include performance shares, restricted stock grants, and executive stock options. This dissertation is an empirical study of whether the use of executive stock options has in fact reduced the agency problems between managers and stockholders. In this dissertation, two different testing methodologies are used to address the agency problem reduction issue. One methodology looks at some significant event such as a merger or divestiture to see if an executives holding of stock options affect what decisions are made. For example, do larger holdings of stock options motivate managers to take on riskier investments? By increasing the risk of the firm, managers can increase the value of the stock options. Another question of interest is whether in taking on risky investments; do executives increase the leverage of the firm? By increasing the leverage of the firm, the executive might increase the risk of the firm and thus the value of the option holdings. An agency relationship An agency relationship arises whenever one or more individuals, called principals, hire one or more other individuals, called agents, to perform some service and then delegate decision-making authority to the agents. The primary agency relationships in business are those :- (1) Between stockholders and managers and 2) Between debt holders and stockholders. These relationships are not necessarily harmonious; indeed, agency theory is concerned with so-called agency conflicts, or conflicts of interest between agents and principals. These relationships are not necessarily harmonious; indeed, agency theory is concerned with so-called agency conflicts, or conflicts of interest between agents and principals. Expansion increase potential agency problems, if you expanded to additional locations you could not physically be at all locations at the same time. Consequently, you would have to delegate decision-making authority to others. Creditors can protect themselves by: (1) Having the loan secured. (2) Placing restrictive covenants in debt agreements. (3) They charge a higher than normal interest rate to compensate for risk. Agency cost A type of internal cost that arises from, or must be paid to a manger acting on behalf of shareholders. Agency cost arises because of core problems such as conflicts of interest between share holders and management. Shareholders wish for management to run the company in away that increases shareholders value, but management may wish to grow the company in away that maximize their personal power and wealth that may not be in the best interest of shareholders. Agency costs are inevitable within an organization whenever shareholders are not completely in charge; the cost can usually be best spent on providing proper material incentives and moral incentives for agents to properly execute their duties, thereby aligning the interests of shareholders (owners) and agents. The principals (the shareholders) have to find ways of ensuring that their agents (the managers) act in their interests. This means incurring costs, ‘agency costs’, to (a) monitor managers’ behavior, and (b) create incentive schemes and control for managers to pursue shareholders’ wealth maximization. Various methods have been used to try to align the actions of senior management with the interests of shareholders, that is, to achieve ‘goal congruence’. Linking rewards to shareholder wealth improvements: Owners can grant directors and other senior managers share options. These ermit the managers to purchase shares at some date in the future at a price, which is fixed in the present. If the share price rises significantly between the dates when the option was granted and the date when the shares can be bought the manager can make a fortune by buying at the pre-arranged price and then selling in the market place. The managers under such a scheme have a clear interest in achieving a rise in share price and thus congruence comes about to some extent. An alternative method is to allot shares to managers if they achieve certain performance targets, for example, growth in earnings per share or return on shares. Sackings: The threat of being sacked with the accompanying humiliation and financial loss may encourage managers not to diverge too far from the shareholders’ wealth path. However this method is seldom used because it is often difficult to implement due to difficulties of making a coordinated shareholder effort. Selling shares threat and the take- over: Most of the large shareholders (especially institutional investors) of quoted companies are not prepared to put large resources into monitoring and controlling all the firms of which they own a part. Quite often their first response, if they observe that management is not acting in what they regard as their best interest, is to sell the share rather than intervene. This will result in a lower share price, making the raising of funds more difficult. If this process continues the firm may become vulnerable to a merger bid by another group of managers, resulting in a loss of top management posts. Fear of being taken over can establish some sort of backstop position to prevent shareholder wealth considerations being totally ignored. Corporate governance regulations: There is a considerable range of legislation and other regulatory pressures (e. g. the Companies Act) designed to encourage directors to act in shareholders’ interests. Within these regulations for example, the board of directors is not to be dominated by a single individual acting as both the chairman and chief executive. Also independently minded non-executive directors should have more power to represent shareholder interests; in particular, they should predominate in decisions connected with directors’ remuneration and auditing of firm’s accounts. Information flow: The accounting profession, the stock exchange, the regulating agencies and the investing public are continuously conducting a battle to encourage or force firms to release more accurate, timely and detailed information concerning their operations. An improved quality of corporate accounts, annual reports and the availability of other forms of information flowing to investors and analysts such as company briefings and press announcements help to monitor firms, and identify any wealth-destroying actions by wayward managers early. Conclusion Diffuse ownership of publicly held companies reduces the owners’ ability to monitor managers because they would have to bear the full monitoring costs while gaining only a small marginal benefit. Managers may therefore act to maximize their wealth through personal use of corporate assets, stock manipulation and sub optimal decisions at the owners expense. Thus agency theory practical mechanism is weak, because it is unable to provide practical conclusions with regard to agency problems. References: 1. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. htm 2. www. referenceforbusiness. com 3. Financial-dictionary. The free dictionary. com

Essay Comparing Solzhenitsyns Gulag and Camus The Stranger (The Outsider) :: comparison compare contrast essays

Camus' Stranger and Solzhenitsyn's Gulag      Ã‚  Ã‚   We must tell them what we have learned here. We must tell them that there is no pit so deep that He is not deeper still. They will listen to us, Corrie, because we have been here. 1    The dying words of Betsie ten Boom to her sister Corrie in the Ravensbruck concentration camp reveal a strength and victory even in great oppression. Historically, Christianity is full of voices crying victory in the midst of the terror. Elijah and David hiding in caves, the prophets of the Babylonian captivity, St. John's Apocalypse during the Domitian persecutions, the confessions of Foxe's martyrs all testify to God's power and truth even in the most severe circumstances. However, much twentieth-century writing sides with a view of God similar to that of Albert Camus--God either does not exist or is evil. The oppressive evil of our age is often used to prove divine indifference. Nevertheless, literature coming out of severe oppression often says the opposite. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn shares that for many the experience of injustice and oppression makes a person appreciate truth much more. And with truth comes a more orthodox Christian view of life.    Life's Suffering Proves God Does Not Care    Camus wrote, "An injustice remains inextricably bound to all suffering, even the most deserved in the eyes of man."2 Suffering and injustice should demonstrate divine indifference to any "thinking person."    Knowing whether or not man is free involves knowing whether he can have a master ... For in the presence of God there is less a problem of freedom than a problem of evil." You know the alternative: either we are not free and God the all-powerful is responsible for evil. Or we are free and responsible but God is not all-powerful.3    Seeing the promises of both Christianity and Socialism as offering hollow hopes, Camus opts for the "happy" state of "no hope." At least, then, the problem of suffering and injustice is understood when the thinker partakes of "the wine of the absurd and the bread of indifference."    Meursault's Indifference Camus illustrates this well in The Stranger. Meursault is a prisoner. He killed a man in cold blood.

The Role of International Strategy and Organizational Design

The current trend of world economics business model lays on the world system division of labor between the core, the marginal, and the semi-marginal countries/states. The trading is not â€Å"isolated† or â€Å"internal† but rather it participates externally or in the global market and as such, this type of market is heavily affected by the dictates of the globalization trends. The system of economics and their flow and relations between these countries are â€Å"non-static† and â€Å"non-constant† over long and short periods of time due largely to political, environmental and cultural changes vis à ¡ vis the evolving idea of ‘consumerism’ in the global community. The traditional concept of consumerism and commoditization of goods is largely challenged, hence, the business sectors/producers should construct an effective strategy and an efficient organizational design to cope up with the world economic trend and at the same, fulfill the organization/companies objectives and visionary goals. The success, therefore, of an international company, lies on competitive action central to the combination of an effective strategic and traditional management.   We do not displace the idea of traditional management (e.g. budgeting and marketing) because its’ function is recognized as the core of business planning but rather, we aim to rectify/improve the company’s/organization’s business performance by target shooting the errors and analyzing it within the context of the global market system (or the business environment) and the capabilities (e.g. assets, facilities, resources) of the company system. Critical to strategic management is the anticipation of changes in the economic system, in the demands of the consumers, new business technologies, competition, and (global) economic policy developments. Co-integration of the two—traditional and strategic—would give a sense of direction to the company in the globally competitive market. What would be an apt strategic management in the non-static global economic system? The strategic management for this is a six level schema: (1) analysis of external factors (2) scrutinizing internal factors (3) stratagem (4) execution and (5) performance assessment/evaluation. Arguably, the logic in analyzing the external factors lies in the structural level of social formation, but, we dispense this, in favor of the transnational concept—an approach that capitalizes on the importance of transnational practices in three major sectors, political, economic, cultural with focus on transnational corporation influence and consumerism— that of which had been the latest trend in global capitalism. Also, the importance of technological improvements and their incorporation into the market is intangible in the analysis of external factors. The presence of competitors and economic policies should not be undermined; the parameters set by international laws may be restrictive but nevertheless, they are designed to facilitate a â€Å"fair† trading system; competitors for a particular commodity should also be accounted since globalization is heavily mandated by the transnational corps. It is on the basis of such external factors the company will seek to adjust to and construct the stratagem. The capacity of the organization, its’ parameters, its’ resources, its’ liabilities and its’ needs must be carefully examined. Financial status, the employed technology for the commodity, the operative management and the available facilities must be ‘apt’ and can be competitive with the international companies. Leadership within the system and good working force are important elements. The organization should seek to answer the following in response to its internal structure: is the product globally competitive? After assessing the internal and external factors, devising the stratagem is the next point of economic action. Goal identification and the feasibility of the plan being constructed is high on the agenda. Crucial to this is the statistics of materialization, the impact on the company/organization, and products development over a timeframe. Critical points should be well identified as well as mitigating errors, alternative plans, and analyzing and defining jobs and responsibilities per level of organization. The stratagem developed should have the following characteristics: (1) goal-oriented; (2) creative, by-product of external and internal analysis; and (3) strength-decisive/non-vulnerable in the market; (4) feasible. The execution of strategy requires organizational design, resource allocation, and strong motivation. Organizational design involves efficient distribution of work force, recognizing their potential, and creating effective relations between the working people. Performance assessment is the last step and is achieved by assessing the plan on its’ efficiency on its’ how’s and ends. Flow monitoring of the work and assessing statistical significance of produce as well as company growth are important evaluation points. The importance of such strategy is the actual/real test of the stratagem on the economic market. The strategic management places special attention to the environmental monitoring. Such activity is inherently important during forecasting or anticipation of future economic events and other related global aspects which may otherwise affect the position of organization and its products in the global economic scheme. Present and past trends and their change over time is prevalent in predicting scenarios that may be of value to the company. In strategic planning, ‘predictions’ are important in that the decisions are made to be flexible. In recognizing the role of international strategy and organizational design in the global market, the organization/company takes an initial step in ‘equipping’ itself against the highly volatile network of economic world systems and becomes, at the most, competitive. References Sklair, L. (1999). Competing Conceptions of Globalization. Journal of World-Systems Research, 5, 143-162. Aguilar, F. (1967). Scanning the business environment. NY: Macmillan, Inc.            

Mid-Term Test: American Literature Essay

1) According to the U. S. Declaration of Independence (1776), what are the fundamental rights that all men are born with and cannot be deprived from? a) Freedom, Equality and Democracy b) Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness c) Life, Freedom and Equality d) Freedom, Equality and the Pursuit of Happiness . 2) Which of the followings is NOT true about American culture? a) It is racially and ethnically diverse b) It is influenced by Native American, Asian and Polynesian cultures among others. c) Cultural patterns are exactly the same throughout the whole country. d)  British culture contributes greatly to its formation. . 3) Which of the following authors doesn’t belong to the ‘Lost Generation’? a) Ernest Hemingway B) HARPER LEE C) F. SCOTT FITZGERALD d) Gertrude Stein . 4) In your own words, briefly explain what you understand about the Iceberg Theory and The THEORY OF OMISSION IN E. HEMINGWAY’S WRITING STYLE? HOW DID HEMINGWAY’S EXPERIENCE IN WORLD War I influence his works? Correct answer not provided. 5) In the short story Soldier’s Home by Ernest Hemingway, Krebs has to face the following problems EXCEPT: a) He doesn’t have enough money to start a new life. B) HE CANNOT INNITIATE A RELATIONSHIP WITH ANY GIRLS. C) HIS FAMILY MAKES HIM DO THINGS HE DOESN’T WANT TO. d) He cannot reconnect with his old life before the war. . 6) In the short story University Days, what issue in the college education system did James Thurber want to point out when he mentioned the story that happened to the football player during Economics Class? a) The lack of fairness in the system. b) The lack of consideration for students’ individual abilities and differences. c) The lack of practicality in some lessons. d) The lack of proper management in the classroom. 7)IN THE NOVEL THE COLOR PURPLE BY ALICE WALKER, ALL OF THE FOLLOWINGS ISSUES ARE MENTIONED EXCEPT a) The inequality between black people and white people b) Sexist views on gender roles in the family and society c) The abuse of power by authoritative figures d) Competitive relationships among siblings . 8) BRIEFLY ANALYZE THE REASONS WHY CELIE ENDURES THE ABUSE BY HER STEP-FATHER AND HUSBAND without defending herself or fighting back. How does she overcome these hindrances to become an independent woman in the end? Correct answer not provided. 9) THE PULITZER PRIZE IS AN AWARD FOR ACHIEVEMENTS IN: a) Literature, musical composition and drama B) POETRY, ONLINE JOURNALISM AND MUSICAL PERFORMANCE c) Fiction, journalism and social activities d) Online journalism, musical composition and literature . 10) In the short story ‘A good man is hard to find’ by Flannery O’Connor, what does The Misfit mean WHEN HE SAYS ‘†SHE WOULD OF BEEN A GOOD WOMAN IF IT HAD BEEN SOMEBODY THERE TO SHOOT HER every minute of her life. † ? a) The Grandmother should have been taught to behave like a lady. b) The Grandmother only became a decent human when she is threatened with death. c) The Grandmother needed someone to control her throughout her life d) The Grandmother didn’t deserve to live. . 11) In ‘Brokeback Mountain’, why didn’t Ennis agree to leave and start a new life with Jack? You can choose more than one answer (however, wrong choices will cost you marks). a) He is concerned about financial issues. B) HE IS AFRAID THAT JACK’S MARRIAGE WOULD BE DAMAGED C) HE IS OBSESSED WITH AN INCIDENT FROM HIS CHILDHOOD. d) He doesn’t like living on a ranch. e) He is worried about the judgement of other people. f) He fears for his safety. g) He is still responsible for his daughters. . 12) WHAT DOES BROKEBACK MOUNTAIN MEAN TO THE MAIN CHARACTERS IN THE STORY WITH THE SAME NAME by Annie Proulx? a) The freedom to live as their true selves b) A reminder of their youthful days c) A place where they have no responsibilities and obligations d) The place where they go every year for their trips . 13) IN THE NOVEL LOVE STORY BY ERICH SEGAL, WHAT IS THE MOST SIGNIFICANT CHARACTERISTIC OF THE relationship between Oliver Barrett IV and his father? a) Oliver is always jealous of his father for his achievements in sports b) Oliver hates the pressure and expectation that his father put on him c) Oliver wishes that his father would spend more time talking to him d) Oliver wishes that his father would provide him with more money. . MATCH THE AUTHORS WITH THEIR WORKS (BY WRITING DOWN THE LETTERS OF YOUR CHOICES) 14) B ERNEST HEMINGWAY 15) e J. D. Salinger 16) c Mark Twain 17) a F. Scott Fitzgerald 18) d Harper Lee . A) THE GREAT GATSBY b) A Farewell to Arms c) The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn d) To Kill a Mocking Bird e) Catcher in the Rye . —————————————— THIS IS THE END OF THE TEST. GOOD LUCK!

Discussion Board Forum Order# 1111913 Example

Discussion Board Forum Order# 1111913 Example Discussion Board Forum Order# 1111913 – Assignment Example Assignment: Macro & Micro economics A prisoners’ dilemma is usually a paradox that occurs in decision analysis in which 2people acting in their own individual best interest follow a course of action which does not lead to the ideal outcome. Thus, the characteristic prisoners’ dilemma is usually in such a way that the concerned parties decide to shield themselves at the expense of the other contributor. Consequently, as a result of pursuing a purely logical thinking process to help oneself, the two participants get themselves in a state that is worse than if they had collaborated with one another in making their decisions. The same case would apply to auto makers while making decisions. Thus the yearly changes will create dilemma for both car buyers as well as the automakers. If there is an increase in prices, it means that the buyers will take longer in making decisions on what models to buy, which may force the automakers to be in a fix on whether to sell more at a che aper price or sell a few at high price leading to less sales and reduced profits(Van,2009).The charge that immigrants flood the labor market and drive down wages in the U.S is ill thought and baseless. The proponents are missing the realism of immigration as well as its role in the future of the US. Rather than sentimental politicking or issue of values, immigration needs to be looked at as an arbitrage matter ,a process through which fast aging nations bid for the skills together with energies of newcomers to help keep not only their economies afloat but also their future secure .Maybe it would be much better if the US immigration policies focused less on ethnic constituencies and politics and more on acquiring particular abilities and skills from other countries, more so from Mexico’s rising ranks of skilled and educated workers. The immigration policy should also focus on bringing in more entrepreneurs. At present, one-fifth of all US enterprises are owned and operated by immigrants, a rise from 12% 2 decades ago. Most of these are in small towns and suburbs, where together, most immigrants locate opportunities as well as better quality of living (Joel, 2012).ReferencesJoel, K. (2012). U.S. Desperately Needs Immigrants And A Strategy To Get The Right Ones. Forbes , NP.John, C. (2014). The Optimal Number of Immigrants. Economists View , np.Van, J. (2009). The Green Collar Economy. New York,NY: HaperCollins.

James Clerk Maxwell, Master of Electromagnetism

James Clerk Maxwell, Master of Electromagnetism James Clerk Maxwell was a Scottish physicist best known for combining the fields of electricity and magnetism to create a theory of the electromagnetic field. Early Life and Studies James Clerk Maxwell was born- into a family of strong financial means- in Edinburgh on June 13, 1831. However, he spent most of his childhood at Glenlair, a family estate designed by Walter Newall for Maxwell’s father. The young Maxwell’s studies took him first to the Edinburgh Academy (where, at the astounding age of 14, he published his first academic paper in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh) and later to the University of Edinburgh and the University of Cambridge. As a professor, Maxwell began by filling in the vacant Chair of Natural Philosophy at Aberdeen’s Marischal College in 1856. He would continue in this post until 1860​ when Aberdeen combined its two colleges into one university (leaving room for only one Natural Philosophy professorship, which went to David Thomson). This forced removal proved rewarding: Maxwell quickly earned the title of Professor of Physics and Astronomy at King’s College, London, an appointment that would form the foundation of some of the most influential theory of his lifetime. Electromagnetism His paper On Physical Lines of Force- written over the course of two years (1861-1862) and ultimately published in several parts- introduced his pivotal theory of electromagnetism. Among the tenets of his theory were (1) that electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light, and (2) that light exists in the same medium as electric and magnetic phenomena. In 1865, Maxwell resigned from King’s College and proceeded to continue writing: A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field during the year of his resignation; On reciprocal figures, frames and diagrams of forces in 1870; Theory of Heat in 1871; and Matter and Motion in 1876. In 1871, Maxwell became the Cavendish Professor of Physics at Cambridge, a position that put him in charge of the work conducted in the Cavendish Laboratory. The 1873 publication of A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, meanwhile, produced the fullest explanation yet of Maxwell’s four partial different equations, which would go on to be a major influence on Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity. On November 5, 1879, after a period of sustained illness, Maxwell died- at the age of 48- from abdominal cancer. Considered one of the greatest scientific minds the world has ever seen- on the order of Einstein and Isaac Newton- Maxwell and his contributions extend beyond the realm of electromagnetic theory to include: an acclaimed study of the dynamics of Saturn’s rings; the somewhat accidental, although still important, capturing of the first color photograph; and his kinetic theory of gases, which led to a law relating to the distribution of molecular velocities. Still, the most crucial findings of his electromagnetic theory- that light is an electromagnetic wave, that electric and magnetic fields travel in the form of waves at the speed of light, that ​radio waves can travel through space- constitute his most important legacy. Nothing sums up the monumental achievement of Maxwell’s life work as well as these words from Einstein himself: â€Å"This change in the conception of reality is the most profound and the most fruitful that physics has experienced since the time of Newton.†

Memorandum Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Memorandum - Annotated Bibliography Example As the article moves on it gives some techniques that helps the reader understand his role and be friendly and agreeable in his writing. In conclusion, it tells the readers how to wrap up the employee profile in the company newsletter. The technical document could have been made better if it was supported with examples which would clear out any confusion that was left in the mind of the readers. But largely, the article is very well written. It is not complicated and does not have many jargons but still gets its message across in an informative manner. This memo was written to evaluate and present my views regarding the technical document. I will be expecting feedback of my analysis from you before the end of this month. It will help my analysis in future. Thanking you in anticipation. This memo is being written in order to critically analyze the style of writing of a professional proposal that gives details about its upcoming Computer Education Program for low income teenagers and children and requests Corporate Giving Program to provide funds for it. The proposal throughout its content emphasizes on the fact that this particular company serves community members by carrying out a variety of such constructive programs. This way it reminds the receiver that their partnership with the organization would be for a good cause. The writer's project plan is very convincing and his writing reflects confidence. This style of writing reassures the receiver of the proposal that they are investing in the right place. A strategy used by the writer to persuade the Corporate Giving Program is that in the last paragraph, the writer has reminded them of the incentive that this funding will provide for them. It emphasizes on the point that their logos will be printed on their brochures and the website. This reminder in the end of the proposal would be a motivating factor for the giving program to provide the funds. Also simple language is used and jargons are avoided which minimizes confusion on the reader's side. This style is very effective as su ch proposals present what they have to offer and what they want in return in the simplest form with most impact on the reader. This memo was written in order to evaluate the style of writing of a proposal for grant. I will be expecting feedback of my evaluation from you before the end of this month. Thanking you in anticipation. MEMORANDUM To: Mr. XYZ, Professor, ABC University From: JKL Date: July 22, 2008 Subject: Critical Analysis of a Poorly Designed Website This memo is being written in order to critically analyze the design of a website which in my opinion is very poor. The address of the webpage is http://www.havenworks.com/. Haven Works' website clearly does not follow the five design principles. First of all, there is too much going on the main page of the website because of which there is no balance. The eye can only focus on one thing rather than steady flow down the page. The items on the webpage seem like they are placed there randomly and

THE EFFECT OF TAX AVOIDANCE IN ECONOMY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

THE EFFECT OF TAX AVOIDANCE IN ECONOMY - Essay Example Therefore, the study of tax avoidance is important in the implementation of a couple of constitutional loopholes upon which tax payers evade taxation for their own advantages. Tax Avoidance Tax avoidance is a subject concerned with the identification of the various legal loopholes surrounding taxation. The purpose of the study is to implement the various ways through which individuals benefit from the avoidance approach. Further, concerns rise as to whether the approach is ethical and of equal importance to the general economy. Studies reveal that mitigation and evasion of taxes differ from tax avoidance as they present a subject of illegality in the taxation clause. Tax avoidance is a legal taxation approach upon which the beneficiaries acquire a constitutional right to avoid taxes (Brooks & Dunn, 2010, p.56). The study reveals the implications emanating from tax avoidance, examples of tax avoidance in relation to the benefits cheat, the ethical issues arising thereof, and a compari son of the ethical issues to the subject of legality. ... However, the dream may be short-lived because of malicious proprietors who sought to identify loopholes in the taxation system and eventually avoid the taxes. Such acts may result in unhealthy competition in a country’s business economy and income imbalances (Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell, 2011:36). In the long-run, the business abiding by the set taxing criterion may suffer unhealthy competition from malicious competitors, thus resolving to exit the market. Global economies perceive taxation as the key to growth and implementation of adequate consumer and producer policies. As governments impose taxes to limit consumption of health hazardous products, the businesses involved in production and selling of the products will extend the total amount of the imposed tax to the final consumer. This approach will serve to reduce the consumer’s income as he tries to maintain marginal consumption of the restricted product. The eventual outcome is that the reduced income of the con sumer will injure the purchase of vital commodities as the addicted consumer maintains consumption of the restricted product (Moffat, Bean & Dewar, 2005, p.48). At this level, tax avoidance by the producers shall lead to reduced incomes among the consumers and increased poverty levels. Ethical Concepts in Tax Avoidance and Related Cases In accordance to taxation theorists, tax avoidance would pose a fair reflection whenever meant to imply the positive use of money. Authorities may assess different business entities and establish those which should avoid taxes and those that should remit through a constitutional approach. The business will eventually evade taxation but through

Perfume Fragrances Online. Online Cosmetics Retailer Essay

Perfume Fragrances Online. Online Cosmetics Retailer - Essay Example The company being established is a new player within the online retailing community, and more specifically operating within the cosmetics, perfume and fragrances sector of this retail market. The company is newly established and is focussing on the internet platform for a number of reasons including but not limited to the substantial reduction of overheads, based on the fact that retail venues, shops and locations are not specifically required to generate income for the company. In addition to this the company has identified a number of key issues, specifically within the online marketing, and search engine optimization fields that stand to benefit the company in boosting online sales via strategic brand marketing within the various products that will be sold via the online store. The brand of Perfume Fragrances Online will operate on a skeleton administrative staff, which includes staff for the processing of orders, based upon their wholesale accounts and contracts with established cosmetic companies, which do and will continue to provide drop ship services to Perfume Fragrances Online customers. This concept drastically reduces staff complements, and can realize a more significant contribution towards the marketing and brand strategy budget. This brand management strategy can be seen as focused entirely upon the internet opportunities that currently exist, and to this end the numerous platforms, such as social media marketing, pay per click and search engine optimization techniques and processes will be implemented in establishing the online presence of the company within the defined sectors and targeted segments of online users.

Comparison: Budget Travel And Luxury Travel

Comparison: Budget Travel And Luxury Travel Travel is the movement of people between relatively distant geographical locations for any purpose and any duration. This is clarified by Aracely (n.d.) who identifies that different styles of travel give travelers a completely different experience. Usually, the type of travel can be defined by how much money is being spent on that experience. Travel is impossible to do if no cost is involved. People do think about the cost before traveling. Budget travel is suitable for those who willing to go for a travel with low budget. However, some people choose to travel in a luxury way to enjoy a trip to the fullest. There are some differences between budget travel and luxury travel. Comparison between budget travel and luxury travel are shown through different angles, which are accommodation, transportation, food and drink, places to visit and quality of travel. A comparison of budget travel and luxury travel 2.1 Accommodation Accommodation is one of the important aspects to think of during travel. To have a pleasant journey, first, traveler must have enough time to rest. The comfort ability of accommodation may influence the travel mood of a traveler. However, for budget traveler, they choose to spend less in accommodation. How could budget traveler do that? With limited budget, traveler can either choose to home stay in house of local residents, living in youth hostel or even camping. Home stay is when travelers stay in the house of local. Nowadays, many families join home stay program to welcome foreigners to stay at their houses during their vacation. Travelers will be arranged to like-minded hosts. This is clarified by Alex Robinson (2010) who indentifies that home stay in Japan works with around 1,000 hosts, from young Tokyo professionals to traditional rural families. For travelers who enjoy nature, they can choose to home stay with traditional rural families as their living style are more to nature . Theres no better way to get to know and love the city than through a well-connected local, Alex Robinson (2010). Besides that, youth hostel is also one of the budget accommodations. The website japan-guide.com states that young hostels are among the most inexpensive types of accommodation in Japan. Almost every country do has a youth hostel association. There are many hostels linked with this association, those hostels are usually cheap as youth hostel is purposely designed for youngsters who have low budget. Instead of home stay and youth hostel, camping is an ideal accommodation for those who have low budget in travelling. Camping can be done as long as there is a tent and a suitable campsite. This is clarified by Kelby Hartson Carr (2008) who identifies that there is no need to stay at an expensive hotel when visiting France. One of the greatest things about a France vacation is the wildly diverse range of low-cost lodging options, including camping. The France government regul ates five stars rating for campgrounds, just like it does for hotels. Campsite is a commonplace in France, and its a much more social form of accommodation than a hotel. Although it may not be as comfortable as we stay in hotel, camping is definitely a different authentic experience. On the others hand, for luxury travelers, they may choose to stay in luxury accommodation, such as hotels, bungalows and villas. They tend to spend more in accommodation so that they able to rest in a more comfortable place. Hotels with higher ranking, their services and facilities for sure are better. A high class hotel usually provides services and facilities such as meeting room, ball room, golf club, gym, sauna, massage room, swimming pool, shops and also restaurants. When big families go for travel, bungalows and villas are more preferred because bungalows and villas contain more rooms and have their own compound. Staying in luxury accommodation like hotels, bungalows and villas is much more relaxed and pampered compared to staying in budget accommodation as everything is well-prepared in luxury accommodation. 2.2 Transportation Transportation is important during travelling. However, what form of transportation can lower the budget of a traveler? Firstly, train can be considered as an ideal transport for those who plan for a budget travel. Train has a large capacity; it can fit in more people once. People who travel for a long period are advised to take train as it safe money and time of driving. Besides, busses are an economical option to travel too. This is clarified by Icarus Annals (n.d.) who indentifies that bus travel is the cheapest means of transportation across the USA and bus stations are more common than airports. No extra charge is added to the bus fare if you compared it with air ticket. Special reduced fares are available for students and international travelers, Icarus Annals (n.d.). Airplanes are much faster, but bus let you see the whole country when you travel. Cheap airfare can be purchased in order to lower the transportation expense. Lower airfares usually require a weekday stay and adva nce purchase time of at least two to three weeks. Travelers are advised to read through the rules and regulation clearly when purchasing airfare if there is any add-on fees needed. Or else air-line company may offer you a cheap airfare, but charge you a high baggage fees. To avoid high baggage fees, one should online search the information of baggage fees and read through it to avoid any unnecessary payment. People who travel luxury dont really care about all these charges. To enjoy the whole journey, they can choose to take plane, cruises or even private jet. Plane will always be the first choice for those who go for luxury travel because plane takes the shortest time to reach a place. Cost of airfare is definitely higher than busses or trains. Cruises are also a type of luxury transportation. Cruise can be considered as a place to travel as there are a lot of entertainments in a cruise, such as casino, shopping spots, bar and etc. 2.3 Food and drinks In addition, budget travel and luxury travel do have differences in terms of the food and drinks. In budget travel, the food or the way of eating is definitely more economical, such as self-catering, street foods, and after-hours eating (after the operational time, some food will be discounted or even free. For example, after 9pm, the foods will be free for public). Thus, public can enjoy cheap dinner or cheap foods and drinks. Its such a great deal for tourists who are undergoing budget travel. For self-catering, tourists will spend special moment with their family as they cook together and enjoy it just like in their own house. Street foods are great and cheap too. Street foods usually reflect the food culture of a place. For example, street foods in our country such as satay, apam balik, kebab, pisang goreng and etc reflect the food culture of our local citizens. Street foods are such a temptation for tourism. After-hours eating is the precious time for those budget travelers beca use they can enjoy their meals with a cheaper price or even free. However, the disadvantage of budget travel is that they cannot enjoy expensive foods. They cannot have what they actually want as limited budget prevent them from having extravagant meals. During luxury travel, foods that preferred are usually hygienic, nicely set, high class, perfect and also expensive. Tourists that do luxury travel will never concern about their expenses on foods, as money is not their main problem. A great food is the priority for them. In fact, their stomach capacity is the main problem as they can have whatever they want. Thats what we call as extravagant meals. They also enjoy buffet which required much money in order to enjoy it. Moreover, they usually not prefer drinking mineral water or tea. In fact, they choose wine as their drinks. It seems like luxury travel is better than budget travel. However, those who do luxury travel, cant really enjoy those street foods. They used to enjoy their meals under air-condition instead of queuing up in the crowd. 2.4 Places to visit Other than foods and drinks, in the two types of travel, places that visited by travelers are somehow similar, but luxury travelers do have more options. For budget travel, tourists prefer going on their own trip instead of following a tour, because its cheaper. This is clarified by Aracely (n.d.) who identifies that budget travelers mainly visit to the less developed world. Therefore, places that they go are limited or in other words, they have fewer choices of places to go. Places that they usually visited are like cultural and historical places, cheap shopping spots, and free entry places such as museum, galleries and national park. Budget travelers like to explore and exposed to the nature. Thus, places such as the rainforest, seaside, cave, waterfall, or even island are some ideal places for them. Those places require low entry costs or even free for visiting. All of these places can be visited for those who do luxury travel. Nevertheless, in luxury travel, they have more options to choose. Such as, they can go to amusement park like Disney land. In addition, they can also enjoy cruise, and the beachs games which are somehow expe nsive for budget travel. 2.5 Quality of travel The very last angle for the comparison is quality of travel. Quality of travel can be seen by many different views. The first view is the level of comfort. By comparing budget travel with luxury travel, luxury travel seems to have the higher level of comfort. Budget travelers will usually stay in a low cost motel or hostel. Staying in low costs hotel usually will lacks of amenities of home, Aracely (n.d.). The beds are not comfortable, communication is limited because they dont understand English, and utilities provided are bad. While for luxury travels, travelers usually go for a four star or five star hotels. Most of the four stars and five star hotels provide a spa service; the travelers can enjoy the services. This is clarified by Maryalice Yakutchik (n.d.) who identifies that different country has different style of spa; in California, their spa uses mud (clay with water) to put on the body and even face and hair, this is a mud treatment. Other than this, luxury travelers have t he opportunity to shop in the shopping spots. In these shopping spots, they can purchase things that are with high fashion and designers label. The second view is the level of cleanliness. The comparisons between budget travel and luxury travel shows that luxury travel has the higher level of cleanliness. Budget travel normally shows us the ugly side of a country. As budget travelers usually visit to rural areas other than developed city, they can truly experience the surrounding environment. However, these places usually are dirtier; rubbish littered everywhere, even to the rivers. This is clarified by Aracely (n.d.) who identifies that local picnic spots that she visited were littered by Styrofoam and plastic trash. Amazing lakes such as Lake Atitlan in Guatemala are a toxic mess. Crude oil contaminates the drinking water of Amazonian tribes. Mining chemicals like cyanide flow into the rivers. While for luxury travels, environment are better and so those places are cleaner. Damar Harsanto (2005) in a media release The Jakarta Post identifies that, in Singapore, unlike Jakarta, regulations exist and they are followed; they also keep the cleaners busy. Receptacles around street-stalls require cleaning every 30 minutes during peak hours. With an estimated 40,000 public toilets in the city, this is a lot of work, and 10,000 cleaners are employed in the city each day. Keeping eating places hygienic is another of the governments priority. Luxury travel shows a better condition and this will lead to a better health. The third view is the safety of travelers. From this view, luxury travel is having more advantages. Budget travelers will choose to be home stay rather than staying in hotel. There is a risk of staying in a strangers home. This is clarified by Kathryn Vercillo (n.d.) who identifies that entering the home of someone that you dont know means that you are taking the chance to let this person to have ulterior motive of attacking you. Home stay required self care; it wont be the same compare to own home. They need to care about their luggage, healthy and wealth. While luxury travels have more facilities. In discussing the issues related to airport facilities (grenadagrenadines.com), airport provides services such as charters, security service, overnight parking, refueling service and cleaning service. Most of the passengers are highly concern on the security. High class airports will corporate with international standard of security service so that the passenger will trust them more. The forth view is efficiency. The budget travelers have to go through many processes that are slow and inefficient all the time. This is clarified by Aracely (n.d.) who identifies that purchasing a plane ticket requires travelers to get number from ticket machine, wait in a lobby for 1.5 hours and then watched the clerk shift the plastic credit card hand held machine over the carbon copy and our credit card. This was for a major airline in Argentine. However, the budget travelers must used to it. While for luxury travel, travelers will receive a special offer; once they register themselves under the hotel, they will have the opportunity to enjoy all the facilities at the first time. For example, most luxury hotels do help travelers to settle the transportation matters. The last view is experience gained during travel. Different ways of travel will definitely have different kind of experiences. Budget travelers will have an authentic experience while luxury travelers will have an extraordinary experience. The budget travelers have the chance to know more about a countrys culture, eating style and habits. For budget travel, travelers will have a simple breakfast served with tea or coffee, own paid lunch and dinner which recommended by the citizen. Foods recommended by local citizens are usually cheaper. During luxury travel, travellers will have the chance to enjoy a superior experience. BC Doan identifies that The Poseidon of Fiji underwater resort is built 40 feet below, and was opened in year 2009, Doan (2008). This resort offers a 16-passenger luxury submarine tour, and guests are also provided with a personal Triton submarine for excursions on their own. Staying in the undersea hotel definitely will bring them an extraordinary experience. Conclusion Travel can be classified into two types, which are budget travel and luxury travel. Different people prefer different ways of travel as different experiences can be obtained through both budget travel and luxury travel. Both of them have their advantages and also disadvantages. Budget travel allows people to visit different places in low costs but with some limitations, whereas through luxury travel, people keen to enjoy a trip without bothering the costs. In general, travels do have a lot of benefits. People get to explore to more new places, reducing stress level which lead to a better health and learn the way people live and their traditions. Are Vitamin Supplements Effective? Are Vitamin Supplements Effective? Vitamins are a type of substance that helps grow, develop and give benefits to your body. Having an insufficient supple of vitamins could lead to health problems, diseases or in rare cases, death. There are certain types of vitamins, each with their own role of supporting and developing your body. Vitamin products mostly composed of organic compounds mixed with electrolytes, vegetable or fruit extract, or sometimes with artificial ingredients, etc. Consumers may have their own view that vitamin supplements are essential for their daily needs and for a healthy lifestyle; others may oppose that vitamins are a waste of investment or could cause side effects to their body. However, the main subject that concerns the society and the scientific community is whether vitamins supplements are effective or not. Is it essential to take multivitamins daily or is it just an open door to health problems? Having a daily rate of vitamin products may provide benefits or adverse effects to the human body. In society and the scientific community, debates on whether vitamins can be effective or ineffective to the human body. This question leads to a comparison of people with vitamin deficiency and daily basis consumption of multivitamin products. Thinking about this comparison shows one type of people not taking vitamins and the other taking vitamins. This comparison also explains to society that vitamins may prove beneficial but not to the scientific community as evidence must be needed. However, scientific research provides evidence that multivitamins commonly containing folic acid, vitamin D, etc. all with their own roles of giving benefits to the body. If regular consumption of vitamins truly provides real health benefits, we should be able to validate that studying the health benefits and effects in large population of people that took multivitamins for years. The method to prove vita mins arent beneficial could be: overdose of multivitamins, misleading use or premature use without contacting their doctor. However, in some scientific findings and research, a few vitamins cause risk to the human body such as early death (mortality), increases chance of lung cancer and breast cancer from some vitamins. Therefore, there is evidence that regular consumption of multivitamin products has health benefits and reports that this practice could cause harm. Taking vegetable extracts proves to be better than eating vegetables. Evidences with vegetable extracts proves to be better than eating vegetables showing, Juicing has been credited with alleviating everything from skin diseases and immune disorders to cancer and high blood pressure. (Ko, 2011) Having vegetable extract at liquid state maybe easier to digest in the stomach and less energy used when digesting in liquid form whilst heating or cooking them will destroy or reduce some enzymes content meaning getting less nutrients if cooked. Juicing can be an advantage when it comes to digestion and nutrient supports in the human body at the same time. Therefore, vegetable extracts are proven to be better and beneficial than eating vegetables. Situations and conditions with overdose and vitamin deficiency could be possible and could cause illness to the human body. Suffering from vitamin deficiency will lead to certain sickness, diseases, possibility of cancer or nutritional disorder. An example of a certain vitamin deficiency case study is vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D mostly comes from the sun and some of our daily meals like milk and fish. After several surveys and research from Australian Bureau of Statistics and Australian Health Survey with Biomedical Results for Nutrients shows evidence that people with low levels of Vitamin D has a risk factor for other conditions like, heart and kidney disease, osteoporosis in which case the bodys bone may fracture or break easily and cancer or even mortality. If there is a situation of a patient suffering from Vitamin deficiency, they may be suffering from health problems like fragile bones or several diseases. For the patient to survive and fight this type of condition, they s hould contact their doctor, take high or rich calcium food products, increase exposure to sun with high UV times like mid-morning till mid-afternoon, increasing physical activity or any Vitamin D supplements. However, patients with moderate to severe deficiency may have a blood test and high Vitamin D supplements. This research proves and validates that vitamin deficiency is a real possibility of most situations and conditions. Overdose with vitamins causes a lot of health problems like diabetes, obesity, or even death. With researches provided, large dosages of Vitamins can cause problems, even standard dosage can affect their health with certain prescription medicine. This results with people suffering from adverse effects from too much calcium or iron intake. This proves and provided evidence that vitamin overdose is a possibility and the conditions to treat overdose are almost similar to people suffering vitamin deficiency. This concludes that vitamin deficiency and overdose are a possibility as they could cause harm and health problems. Vitamin supplements are proven and validated to be effective with correct use and daily recommended dosages. They may cause harm varying on what health problems people have or taking overdose. As mentioned For a healthy adult, if supplements are used, they should generally be taken at levels close to the recommended dietary intake (RDI). High-dose supplements should not be taken unless recommended under medical advice. (betterhealthchannel, Victoria government, 2012)